Yet another applicability of this layout is the newspaper plant, where the time element is of supreme importance, the accomplishment being gapped in seconds. Here plant layout must be simple and direct so as to eliminate distance, delay and confusion. There must be a perfect coordination of all departments and machinery or equipments, as materials must never fail. Plant layout is also applicable to five star hotels as well. Here lodging, bar, restaurant, kitchen, stores, swimming pool, laundry, shaving saloons, shopping arcades, conference hall, parking areas etc.
Here importance must be given to cleanliness, elegant appearance, convenience and compact looks, which attract customers. Similarly plant layout is applicable to a cinema hall, where emphasis is on comfort, and convenience of the cinemagoers. The projector, screen, sound box, fire fighting equipment, ambience etc. A plant layout applies besides the grouping of machinery, to an arrangement for other facilities as well. Such facilities include receiving and dispatching points, inspection facilities, employee facilities, storage etc.
Generally, the receiving and the dispatching departments should be at either end of the plant. The inspection should be right next to other dispatch department as inspections are done finally, before dispatch.
The maintenance department consisting of lighting, safety devices, fire protection, collection and disposal of garbage, scrap etc. The other employee facilities like toilet facilities, drinking water facilities, first aid room, cafeteria etc. Hence, there are the other industries or plants to which plant layout is applicable. The aim of a good store layout should be a. Customer convenience b.
Stocking as much merchandise as can be placed in the store c. The elimination of stockroom space d. All of the above 2. Make merchandise difficult to reach b. Keep goods that are in heavy demand in convenient locations c. Place items that are used together in different parts of the store d. Organize the store so that customers do not have a view of the entire department 3. Which of the following stores would find the self-service type of layout most convenient?
A jewelry store c. A shoe store b. A supermarket d. A coffee shop 4. You have come across various key words in this section. Pick up the words, which do not belong to this section.
True or False: a Product Layout is followed by those manufacturing units, which involve production of non-standardized products b High Capital investment is required for the product manufactured under product layout c The fixed position layout is applied to the manufacturing of light and heavy engineering products 6. Comment upon how has the layout of facilities added to or detracted from the ease of movement? Could you suggest some alternative layout?
But before making such a choice, he has to go through the detailed locational analysis considering various factors, which influence his decision. It is a long-term strategic decision, which cannot be changed once taken. An optimum location can reduce the cost of production and distribution to a great extent. Thus great care and appropriate planning is required to select the most appropriate location. The efficiency of production depends on how well the various machines; production facilities and amenities are located in a plant.
An ideal plant layout should provide the optimum relationship among the output, floor area and manufacturing process.
An efficient plant layout is one that aims at achieving various objectives like efficient utilization of available floor space, minimizes cost, allows flexibility of operation, provides for employees convenience, improves productivity etc. The entrepreneurs must possess the expertise to lay down a proper layout for new or existing plants.
It differs from one plant to another. But basic principles to be followed are more or less same. From the point of view of plant layout, we can classify small business into three categories i. Designing of layout is different in all above three categories e. Traders might go either for self- service or full service or special layouts whereas service establishments such as motels, hotels, and restaurants must give due attention to customer convenience, quality of service, efficiency in delivering the service etc.
While deciding for layout for factory or unit or store, a small entrepreneur has to consider the factors like the nature of the product, production process, size of factory building, human needs etc. Plant layout is applicable to all types of industries or plants. At the end, the layout should be conducive to health and safety of employees. Diversification — A process of entering into a field of business, which is new in terms of the market or technology or both Expansion — Consists of increasing the sales revenue, profits and market share of existing product line or service Entrepreneur - A person who is skilled at identifying new products or sometimes new method of production , setting up operations for setting up new products, marketing the product and arranging the finance for the operations.
Handling cost - Cost of carrying material or storage cost. Intermittent process —Is a process in which raw materials are converted into components or parts for stock. But they are combined according to customer orders. Manufacturing — General term for the process of producing or assembling goods by hands or machines for sale to others.
Overhead cost — Operating costs of a business enterprise, which cannot be directly traced to a particular unit of product Production capacity- Ability to produce in terms of units Trader — A person who is engaged in buying and selling of goods.
Describe the factors that should be taken into account in deciding the location of plant? What is the importance of location in business? The governing principle is that a plant should be so located as to permit the production of the product at the lowest cost per unit. What do you mean by locational analysis? Explain the meaning and significance of plant location. How will you decide the location of a mini steel plant in India?
Define the plant layout. What are the various factors influencing the layout of grocery store? What are the principles for planning the layout of a new factory? Explain process layout? State its advantages and disadvantages in brief Distinguish between product layout and process layout? Explain the suitability of fixed position layout Write about any two types of plant layout Discuss the objectives and advantages of a good layout 7.
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Dichotomous key 1 a Animal with wings Go to 2 b Animal without wings Go to 7 2 a With two pairs of wings Go to 3 b With one pair of wings Diptera 3 a With membranous wings Go to 4 b Hind pair of membranous wings Go to 6 4 a With long abdomen Odontata b Medium sized abdomen Go to 5 5 a Wings with colored scales Lepidoptera b Wings without scales Hymenoptera 6 a Forewings hard and shell-like Coleoptera b Forewings hard but not shell-like Orthoptera 7 a Body horizontally flattened Isoptera b Body laterally flattened Ecology study of the interrelationships between organisms and their environment ii.
Environment surrounding of the organism i. Habitat A specific locality home of a living organism with a set of factors conditions in which an organism lives. Ecological niche Role of an organism in its habitat e. Population Number group of organisms of a species occupying a given habitat vi.
Community Refers to different species of plants and animals organisms in a given habitat area co- existing or interacting living with each other and the environment in which they live vii. Ecosystem A community of organisms interacting with one another and the environment in which they live vm. Biosphere The earth and its atmosphere where living organisms are found ix. Autecology Study of a single individual species of plants or animals within a community, ecosystem, habitat or environment.
Synecology Study of natural communities plants and animals or populations interacting within an ecosystem. Carrying capacity maximum number of organisms an area can support without being depleted xii. Provides turgidity for plant support, medium for transport, disperses fruits, seeds and spores Pressure the weight atmosphere exerts upon the earth varies with altitude the higher the altitude the less the pressure this variation implies change in density which directly means less oxygen for respiration and less carbon iv oxide for photosynthesis and this affects distribution of organisms Mineral salts trace elements these affect distribution of plants in the soil plants thrive best where elements are available Plants living in soil deficient in a particular element must have special methods of obtaining it.
Competition organisms compete with one another for food, light, water, mates and shelter organisms must live together for competition for available resources those which cannot cope either structurally or behaviorally will migrate or die those remaining, due to better adaptations will increase in population competition between members of the same species is called intra-specific competition e. Parasitism an association where an organism lives in or on another living organism obtaining food and other benefits from it, causing harm to it without necessary killing it parasites may kill host they deprive host of food make host weak by introducing diseases make reproductive ability of host low hence host becomes susceptible to predation iv.
Diseases and parasites make organisms weak and susceptible to predation kill organisms and reduce their population v. Symbiotic and association of organisms of different species where both benefit from the association i. The process by which nitrogen in the air is made available plants and animals and eventually returns to the air.
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