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In addition to ensuring key security, this type of solution also allows auditing of key creation, use, and retirement. Figure 7- Centralized Key management Services. Figure 7- Separation of Key Administration. Centralized encryption helps ensure keys are always available and that data is not encrypted when it is not necessary, appropriate, or wanted. Keys are encrypted and easy to backup or export for escrow storage.
Encrypting every piece of data in your organization does not guarantee it is protected from unauthorized access. The only thing guaranteed with this approach is unnecessary costs and potentially unhappy production managers.
Before looking at when and what to encrypt, it is important to understand where encryption fits in overall security controls architecture. Encryption is just another security control; it adds an additional prevention layer, nothing more. The biggest mistake many organizations make is relying on it as a panacea for all security risk.
For example, data is decrypted on servers and end-user devices when processed. What good is encryption in transit when the system attack surfaces are ignored? An attacker who compromises an online payment server could care less whether or not you use encryption. Everything he needs is in plaintext. In other cases, a key might be compromised. Again, inspect what you expect. Never assume anything, including encryption, is achieving expected outcomes.
Before or while deploying encryption, implement the following controls or processes Olzak, :. A few years ago, Rich Mogull wrote a paper for Gartner that defines three laws for deciding if to encrypt data. They still apply today; I added number four:. Implementing secure and operationally efficient encryption solutions is not easy, and maintaining them adds to total cost of ownership TCO. Further, data is often spread between internal and cloud-based storage.
Any solution you select must support all current and future data storage and transport characteristics. One approach is to purchase a system, install it in your data center, and assign in-house staff to manage it. While this might seem like a good idea, the opportunity costs are high.
As with most commodity security controls, encryption solutions can be managed by anyone; they do not require the special knowledge of the business possessed by you or other members of the internal security and LAN teams. Your skills are better applied to projects, assessments, and other business critical activities. Consequently, consider outsourcing encryption and key management.
Encryption-as-a-Service EaaS vendors provide all the services and protection we discussed, including key management and encryption according to business policy. In addition to encrypting the data center, they can also serve as a third-party that ensures all data housed by your other cloud service providers is managed by encryption policies as if it were in your own data center.
Figure is an example of an EaaS solution. The EaaS provider does not house your data, only your keys. Your in-house administrator, via a Web interface, performs configuration of encryption policies and subject access. Software as a service SaaS or storage as a service providers have no access to data while at rest. Whether in house or outsourced, make sure your centralized encryption solution meets the following requirements:. Figure 7- EaaS Configuration enStratus, Primary account numbers PANs are not encrypted; they are replaced by a series of alphanumeric characters of the same length.
Also called aliasing, tokenization substitutes an arbitrary value for a PAN. If the PAN is all digits, the token is all digits. This allows use of tokens in existing business applications where data length and type matter. After a token is assigned, employees, point-of-sale systems, and other applications use it instead of the actual PAN.
This limits the number of points of possible compromise. Figure shows how a financial institution might use tokens. Customer PANs are converted to tokens by a token management system. When various departments access customer information, the token appears instead of the actual PAN.
Our example reflects a process occurring in financial institutions. However, it also applies to retail stores. Figure provides a closer look at tokenization architecture.
Tokens and associated PANs are encrypted. Instead of PANs existing in business transaction files, only the token appears. If an application requires the actual PAN, employee authentication is not enough. The application must be authorized to retrieve it. Further, all access to PANs is logged and anomalies identified.
Instead of tracking PAN use at various locations across an organization, monitoring and control of sensitive customer information is centrally controlled and managed.
Finally, tokenization provides an easy way to move production data to test environments. If supported, a tokenization server can filter sensitive field data as it moves from production to test. All sensitive fields not already tokenized are filled with tokens for testing changes or new applications, eliminating another potential point of attack. The more the ciphertext changes after a change to the plaintext the stronger the cipher. Key management is an important and often overlooked aspect of enterprise encryption.
Ensuring keys are always available, secure, and locked away from everyone except a handful of key administrators is a good start. Further, central key management usually comes with the ability to apply common encryption policies across all data on all managed devices.
Finally, tokenization is sometimes a better solution than encryption for protecting individual data items. Social security numbers, credit card numbers, and patient insurance information are good examples of possible token targets. If you have to keep these data elements, resist distributing them across desktop and laptop screens when a token will suffice. A new tab for your requested boot camp pricing will open in 5 seconds.
If it doesn't open, click here. Tom Olzak is a security researcher for the InfoSec Institute and an IT professional with over 37 years of experience in programming, network engineering, and security. He is currently an online instructor for the University of Phoenix. He has held positions as an IS director, director of infrastructure engineering, director of information security, and programming manager at a variety of manufacturing, health care, and distribution companies.
Before joining the private sector, he served 10 years in the United States Army Military Police with four years as a military police investigator. Admiring the time and effort you put into your blog and detailed information you present. Fantastic read! Very useful article … may I repost your article into Indonesian language and put on my website? I think the admin of this site is actually working hard in support of his site, for the reason that here every information is quality based stuff.
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Should they be?
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